Leukaemia cells metabolise fat to avoid cell death

Leukaemia cells, like most cancers, are addicted to glucose to generate their energy, but new research shows for the first time that these cells also rely on fatty acid metabolism to grow and to evade cell death.

Inhibiting fatty acid oxidation makes leukaemia cells vulnerable to drugs that force them to commit suicide, scientists from the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and the University of Texas Medical School at Houston report in the January edition of the Journal of Clinical Investigation.

"These findings translate to a potentially transformational approach to controlling leukaemia and cancer cell metabolism by therapeutically targeting fatty acid oxidation," said co-senior author Michael Andreeff, MD, PhD, professor in M. D. Anderson’s Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy.

"Cancer metabolism has attracted renewed, cutting-edge research interest," Andreeff said. "Here we have first identified a metabolic target and our first in vivo results are promising, but there is much more work that needs to be done."

Andreeff and co-senior author Heinrich Taegtmeyer, MD, DPhil, professor in the University of Texas Medical School Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, are collaborating to develop drugs based on their research results.

"The leukaemia cells’ appetite for fat seems to be formidable," Taegtmeyer said. "More importantly, fat oxidation seems to promote leukaemia cell survival. Conversely, shutting off fat oxidation makes the cells vulnerable to self-destruction. If these initial results hold up, inhibitors of fat oxidation may become a new way to treat leukaemia patients."

In normal cells, the processing of fatty acids in the cell’s power-generating mitochondria leads to production of ATP, a molecule that serves as the major source of energy for the cell. The researchers showed that fatty acid oxidation in leukaemia cell mitochondria drives cellular oxygen consumption and inhibits the activity of proteins that are vital to apoptosis, the programmed death of defective cells that begins in the mitochondria.

For energy generation, leukaemia cells rely on glycolysis, the processing of a glucose molecule in the cellular cytoplasm that produces two molecules of ATP and two of pyruvate. Pyruvate, in turn, is converted to energy by the Krebs Cycle, a series of chemical reactions inside the mitochondria.

In a series of lab experiments, the researchers demonstrated that etomoxir, a drug used to treat heart failure, inhibits the growth of leukaemia cells in culture in a dose-dependent manner. They also found that etomoxir sensitises leukaemia cells to drugs that cause apoptosis. The fatty acid synthase/lipase inhibitor orlistat also sensitised leukaemia cells to programmed cell death.

Etomoxir treats heart failure by switching the heart’s energy supply from fatty acids to pyruvate, which is more efficiently converted to energy by the mitochondria.

Mouse model experiments showed that combining etomoxir with the apoptosis-inducing drug ABT-737 or with cytarabine, a frontline drug for acute myeloid leukaemia, reduced the leukaemia burden and increased median survival time by 33 percent and 67 percent respectively compared to control group mice.

Additionally, etomoxir was found to decrease the number of quiescent leukaemia progenitor cells in half of blood samples taken from acute myeloid leukaemia patients. These quiescent cells are important, the researchers note, because they are capable of initiating leukaemia and are highly resistant to traditional chemotherapy.

"Our findings suggest that mitochondrial function and resistance to apoptosis in leukaemia cells are intimately linked with the entry of fatty acids into mitochondria," said first author Ismael Samudio, MD, a fellow in Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. "For many years it has been apparent that leukaemia cells are addicted to glucose for the generation of cellular energy (ATP). Now our results suggest that leukaemia cells are addicted to fatty acids for the function of the Krebs cycle and the prevention of cell death."

(Source: University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center: Journal of Clinical Investigation: February 2010)