Cancer Cells Carried Through Organ Transplants

Researchers have reported five patients who developed skin cancer after an organ transplant may have received cancer seed cells from the donor.

The cancer, Kaposi’s sarcoma, is caused by a virus that the body usually can eliminate. It has become associated with the AIDS epidemic because the virus affects people with weakened immune systems. Around one in every 200 organ transplant recipients contract the Kaposi’s sarcoma — 400 to 500 times the rate of the general population. It was thought that the virus was able to take hold in these patients because their immune systems were suppressed to prevent rejection of the new organ. A European research team has recently found evidence that, in some transplant patients, seed cells for the cancer tumors seem to have originated in the organ donor. The findings of the team led by Patrizia Barozzi and Mario Luppi of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia in Modena, Italy, are reported in Monday’s online issue of the journal Nature Medicine. The study shows that “tumor cells from the organ donor can contribute to one of the most frequent transplant-related malignancies,” Patrick S. Moore of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute said in an accompanying article. He was not part of the research team. Scottish doctors reported several weeks ago that two cases of patients developed the skin cancer melanoma from transplanted kidneys even though the donor was successfully treated for the cancer many years earlier. Transfer of cancer from a donated organ to a transplant patient is rare, and the chances of it happening long after the donor was treated were thought to be very unlikely. In the cases involving Kaposi’s sarcoma, researchers studied eight patients — six women and two men — who received kidneys from male donors and who developed Kaposi’s sarcoma nine months to 40 months later. Researchers analysed the cancer cells from the women, and they detected Y-chromosome DNA in four cases. DNA is the molecule that determines a human’s development. Women have two X-chromosomes while men have one X- and one Y-chromosome. Thus, the presence of the Y-chromosome DNA in the women’s cancer indicates that the cells originated with a male. Through DNA analysis of the cancer cells in the men, the researchers found that in one case the cancer DNA was related to that of the donor. Kaposi’s sarcoma can be treated by reducing or ending the suppression of the patient’s immune system, allowing it to battle the cancer. That also can mean the immune system attacks the transplanted organ, causing it to be rejected. Moore noted that the organ donors had no symptoms of Kaposi’s sarcoma, which suggests they are infected with the cancer-causing virus but their bodies destroy the cancer cells when they form. However, once the infected organ is transplanted into someone with a weakened immune system the cancer cells can grow and cause disease. (Source: CNN)